Alzheimers and Dementia Risk Factors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1498 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? A very thorough study by The Alzheimers Association states that, 5.7 million Americans are living with alzheimers in 2018. Seniors, 65 or older, are more likely to get the disease (Alzheimers Association). Dementia is not reversible and progressively destroys memory over the course of a few years.When most people think if dementia, they think of Alzheimers, but many people do not know that that is just one out of quite a few forms of dementia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alzheimers and Dementia Risk Factors" essay for you Create order Dementia is more common as people grow older. Before all of the research, developing dementia was mostly based on family history, genes and age. Now, research is beginning to reveal more information that we could use to prevent this disease (Alzheimers Association). Factors such as bad health, head injuries and smoking can put someone at a greater risk for developing Alzheimers or other forms of dementia in their later years of life. There is a link between head injuries and Alzheimers that puts you at more risk to develop Alzheimers or any other form of dementia. There are ways you can protect your brain like wearing a helmet when you participate in sports and wearing a seatbelt when riding in a car. All of these can decrease the chance of developing dementia such as Alzheimers disease. Once known as dementia pugilistica, head injuries that cause dementia are now known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is caused by protein deposits formed in the brain from a head injury (Alzheimers Society). Head injuries can be preventable. On the website National Center for Biotechnology, an article written by Anna Nordstrom, from the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, states, a meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies determined that individuals who suffered severe brain injuries were approximately 50% more likely to develop Alzheimers. With that information, when are the chances worse? The same stu dy states, researchers found out that the risk of a dementia diagnosis is highest during your first year after the injury (National Center for Biotechnology). Even though your chances are greater after the first year, your overall chances of developing dementia never really goes away. During this time, people were four to six times more likely to get a dementia diagnosis after a traumatic brain injury than those without the injury. Even though the overall risk decreased over time, patients still faced higher risk even thirty years later (National Center of Biotechnology). According to Jesse Fann, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine, Our data showed that even if you have multiple head injuries in your early twenties, the risk of developing dementia in your fifties increases by 60% (UW Medicine2:20-32). My great grandfather and both of his brothers were boxers, they all went through bad head injuries during their career and all three developed dementia as they grew older. Many boxers, football players and wrestlers develop a form of dementia; which means that even if you have a traumatic brain injury when you are fairly young, it could still affect you later down the road. At the fifteen year follow up, researchers found the risk for a dementia diagnosis increased 80 percent in those who have had at least one traumatic brain injury compared to those who havent (National Center of Biotechnology). Your overall health also has an affect on your chances of developing Alzheimers later down the road. In an article from Alzheimers Society, authors state, there is very strong evidence that conditions that damage your heart, arteries or blood circulation such as Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol levels and obesity all significantly affect a persons chances of developing Alzheimers. These all can be avoidable so your health doesnt affect you when you grow much older. In the book Understanding Alzheimers the author Dr. Naheed Ali stated, Poor lifestyle habits that could lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, atherosclerosis, and diabetes are now risk factors for Alzheimers disease (25). These conditions can contribute to the damage and and death of brain cells by hardening the blood vessels and blocking oxygen flow to the brain. Which means that there are steps you can take to control high blood pressure and cholesterol levels. While keeping yo ur blood pressure under control is important, over treating it can be just as harmful as undertreating it says Dr. Levine from an article in Everyday Health. When blood pressure is low it becomes difficult for our bodies to supply the exact amount of blood we need to our brains. Having cardiovascular disease or Type 2 Diabetes, the risk of developing dementia increases by up to two times, which is most typically known as vascular dementia; this is caused by problems that have to do with blood supply to the brain (Alzheimers Society). Having poor mental health also puts you at risk for developing dementia. Depression is a big leading factor. Esther Heerema, who is a licensed social worker and has worked with hundreds of people with Alzheimers dementia and other types of dementias stated, In a study involving 1,764 participants who were tested and monitored for eight years to evaluate depression symptoms and dementia symptoms, the researchers found that there was a significant correlation between late-life depression and the risk of dementia (Very Well Health). Depression in late-life is unhealthy for your brain, as well as early life depression. Depression in early life can also affect your chances of developing this disease. After more studies, researchers concluded that individuals with either early or late life depression were both up to four times more likely to develop dementia than those without depression (Very Well Health). A lot of people do not realize the overall effect that your health can have on your brain. Depression and Type 2 Diabetes pose a significantly higher risk of developing dementia, and that when the participants had both type 2 diabetes and depression, the risk was even greater than expected (Very Well Health). There are ways that you can keep your mental health strong. Improving your mental health can include eating well and exercising. Gisele Wolf-Klein a professor of medicine at Hofstra Medical School and director of geriatric education for the North Shore LIJ Health System in New York states, Very much of what applies to prevention and good healthy habits in general, applies also to the prevention of dementia (Everyday Health). A very healthy habit to take up to improve your mental health includes exercising. You dont have to go crazy overboard with the exercising, exercising for just a little bit everyday can help. Studies show that just walking more than a couple blocks a day will reduce dementia risk says Dr. Wolf-Klein (Everyday Health). Exercise is helpful for your body to continue good blood flow to the brain. We already know that smoking causes serious health risks, but did you know it increases your chances of developing Alzheimers, too (Cognitive Vitality)? Smoking is very unhealthy for your brain. Cigarettes and cigarette smoke contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including some that are highly toxic such as vinyl chloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and heavy metals (Cognitive Vitality). None of these can be good for you nor healthy for your brain. The World health Organization now estimates that up to 14% of Alzheimers, most common form of dementia, cases are caused by smoking (Health and Wellness Alerts). There have been quite a few studies on smoking and how it is related to dementia. A 2015 analysis published in the online scientific journal PLOS ONE evaluated the results of 37 studies that compared current smokers with people who never smoked or who quit; the authors found that current smokers were 30 percent more likely to develop some for m of dementia than people who never smoked (Health and Wellness Alerts). Which means, that even if you quit smoking, your chances go down. Smoking leads to cognitive decline in many ways. Smoking harms DNA cells throughout the body, which promotes the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain; both are closely associated with Alzheimers disease (Cognitive Vitality). Alzheimers is not the only form of dementia you can develop from smoking. Tobacco smoke damages arteries, which interferes with flow to the brain (Cognitive Vitality). When you have poor blood supply to your brain you can develop vascular dementia. Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, so it makes sense that it would also make you vulnerable to Alzheimers disease and other dementias, John H. Growdon, MD who studies neurology, states (Sharecare). Cardiovascular disease is also linked to vascular dementia and Alzheimers. As earlier mentioned, there has been many studies on smoking and how it is related to Alzheimers and other forms of dementia. Anthony Cirillo who studies Geriatric Medicine says, A Kaiser Permanente study reported that an analysis of more than 20,000 men and women, studied since 1978, found a 157% heightened risk of Alzheimers for people who smoked two packs or more a day (Sharecare). Smoking two packs a day is a whole lot of smoking, but even less than that can still heighten the risk.

What Is Sociology - 1062 Words

What is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular. He meant that sociologists can identify general patterns of social life by looking at concrete specific examples of social life. While acknowledging that each individual is unique, in other words, sociologists recognize†¦show more content†¦And whereas male suicides in the industrial West outnumber female, in China women’s suicides outnumber men’s. 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Mary Queen Of Scots By William Shakespeare - 1805 Words

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Unconscionability And How It May Mean That A Cannot Be Enforced

Question: What Are The Characteristics Of An Unequal Bargain That Must Or Might Be Demonstrated To Indicate Unconscionability? Answer: Introducation: In the present assignment, an attempt has been made to explore the impact of unconscionability on the enforceability of contracts that has been created by the parties in their business transactions. Sometimes, unfair practices adopted by the businesses and as a result, a large number of consumers are disadvantaged. With the rising number of such consumers, the need was felt to provide relief to such consumers under statutory law, and also under the provisions of common law. Therefore, in this research, the provisions of statutory law and also the relevant provisions of common law have been explored, particularly the changes that were introduced after the decision given in Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983). This was a particularly relevant case in which the court decided that it can rely upon the unconscionable conduct of a party to the contract. Hence, this case can be described as the reason due to which the amendment of unconscionability was introduced in the law of contract in Australia. Similarly, it is worth mentioning that with the rise in the provisions of consumer protection legislation that have been implemented for the purpose of providing justice to the consumers and at the same time to enforce the 'unconscionable conduct' clause when contractual relationships are created between the parties. Generally, the law provides that the ownership of business transactions rests with the trader. As a result, it is the responsibility of the trader to ensure that a fair and reasonable transaction has been created between the parties (Beatson and Virgo, 2002). In its form as a doctrine of contract law, the purpose behind the introduction of unconscionable conduct was that equity and fair play should be upheld. For this purpose, the term unconscionable conduct can be described as the behavior due to which the court may provide relief to the other party. In Blomley v Ryan (1956), the court had relied upon this doctrine for providing relief to the other party. At the same time, the application of unconscionability in cases of contracts created between the parties was further strengthened when this doctrine was used by the court to give its judgment in Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983). Under these circumstances, it becomes important to briefly mention the facts of this case. There was an elderly migrant couple from Australia, Mr. and Mrs. Amadio who stood as the guarantors for the loan that was taken by their son, Vincenzo from the Commercial Bank. The manager of the bank was in regular contact with Vincenzo and having a good understanding of the business realities, the manager knew that most probability, Vincenzo had not told the facts to his parents and made a misrepresentation for the purpose of preparing them to become guarantors for the loan he was going to take from the bank. Under these circumstances, the company failed and the bank started efforts to enforce the guarantee, which was given by Vincenzo's parents by mortgaging their building. Under these circumstances, the court to decide if the elderly couple can be considered as being bound by the mortgage and if this contract can be enforced against them, keeping in view the circumstances in which the contract was signed by them. It is worth mentioning that Amadios have migrated from Italy and they were not very proficient in English language. Moreover, before signing the contract, no independent advice was available to them. All this took place even when the bank manager, Mr. Virgo was well aware of the business situation of their son. However, he did not try to advise the elderly couple that they should seek professional and independent advice before standing as guarantors for their son. When the Amadios had signed the contract, the bank was well aware of the fact that the financial condition of their son was not very stable. Similarly, the bank also knew that perhaps the elderly couple was not aware of the fact that the business of their son was not doing well. Another issue was that the Amadios was under the impression that under the contract, their liability will be limited to $50,000. Therefore the bank did not try to inform the Amadios that in fact, there liability was unlimited as the guarantors for the loan taken by their son. In view of all these facts, the court arrived at the conclusion that the bank knew regarding the special disability from which the Amadios were suffering. But still the bank did not take any steps so that the elderly couple can understand the nature of transaction. Consequently, the court stated in this case that the bank had taken an advantage of an opportunity in this case and this can be said to be unconscientious. The court pointed o ut that on this basis, the clause of unconscionability relies upon. In view of this decision, a new concept became a part of the contract law. Similarly, as a result of this decision, legislative changes were also made in the statutory law. The term unconscionability can be distinguished in two ways. The first instance is of procedural unconscionability. In this case, the weaker party has suffered a disadvantage during the negotiations. Therefore, the stronger party has taken advantage of the fact that either the consumer does not have sufficient knowledge/understanding regarding the contract or the consumer cannot make an independent decision (Carlin, 2002). Therefore, in this case, there is failure on the part of the consumer to inform him that avenues are available from where help can be taken for the purpose of clearly understanding all the terms of the contract. Hence, it can be concluded in this case that an advantage has been taken by the trader regarding the lack of understanding of the consumer (Grantham and Rickett, 2001). The second case i s of substantive unconscionability. This is related with the unfairness of the contractual terms or the outcome of the contract. Similarly, it can also reveal that a particular contract was made on the basis of undue influence or coercion. Under these circumstances, it is not possible for the consumer to make an independent decision as the consumer is facing undue influence. Generally in such cases, the courts do not try to find out if the parties have received a good bargain or a bad bargain under the contract. But the court considers if in such a case, a chance was available to the party to properly decide if the transaction was in the best interest or not. As a result of the reason that generally went unconscionability is involved, an imbalance of bargaining power is also present among the parties, it is easy for individuals and small companies to allege unconscionability against large companies (Kremer, 2001). Under these circumstances, it can be said that the purpose behind the introduction of the doctrine of unconscionability can be described as to make sure that the stronger party is the aware of the fact that the other party suffers from a disadvantage regarding the transaction. In view of the decision of the court in Amadio's case, it can be said that the stronger party has to establish in the court that the transaction was fair, just and reasonable so that the transaction may not be impugned by the court. After the decision given by the court in Amadio case, several developments took place in this field of law. These changes include the amendments that were made to the earlier Trade Practices Act, 1974 and also the changes introduced in the Corporations Act, 2001 and the ASIC Act. Similarly, various codes of conduct that were in force in different industries also underwent these changes. For instance, reforms were seen in the financial services sector in July 1990. Similarly, it was provided by these changes that the ASIC has been given the main responsibility to handle the issues related with consumer and small-business protection in case of the financial sector. The respective application of different types of provisions related with the unconscionable conduct to the contracts dealing with financial services need to be decided, keeping in view the particular exclusion clauses and the definitions that have been mentioned in the ASIC Act. Although the legislation clearly defines the financial services and products, the provisions dealing with unconscionable conduct under this law are similar to the provisions that existed under the Trade Practices Act, 1974. Consequently, there are equivalent compliance obligations for the businesses that are operating in the financial services sector (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). For the purpose of dealing with cases where unconscionability is involved, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission provide certain remedies to the consumers. According to the law, administrative or court action can be taken by the Commission against individuals or businesses if the Commission believes that they are involved in unconscionable conduct that has breached the law. In such cases, the action taken by the Commission will depend on its priorities and also the nature of conduct. Several different types of administrative action is available to the Commission. For example, the Commission may make a request that a particular individual or business should stop particular conduct or it should change a particular trade practice adopted by it (Kremer, 2001). Regarding the serious examples of such conduct, it is available to the Commission to accept an enforceable undertaking from such person or business and the commission can also make it public. The courts can enforce the se written undertakings, in case an application has been made by the Commission. Similarly, it is also available to the Commission to take court action if it is not possible to resolve a particular matter through administrative means. In such cases, the law has empowered the Commission to seek injunction or any other order from the court against such individual or business. It is also available to the Commission to make a decision on behalf of the consumers. The commission can also represent the consumers if they are going to suffer a loss in a particular transaction as a result of the unconscionability of the other party (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). In Victoria, the apex body for financial counselors is the Financial and Consumer Rights Council. Responsibility has been given to the Council to provide resources and support to financial counselors. Similarly, it also supports the consumers who need support. Due to the financial problems faced by them. The Council has the responsibility to provide support and information as well as advocacy to the consumers in Victoria. The Council works in tandem with the community sectors. The services provided by the Council are confidential in nature and at the same time, they are provided free of cost to the consumers. The major purpose of providing these services to the consumers is to advocate for the vulnerable consumers in Victoria. The Council also supports the financial counselors. It also supports through stakeholder relationships in order to create systemic change. Hence, the Council supports the financial counseling sector through advocacy, law reform and also by ensuring that best pr actices adopted and maintained. in this context, consumer advocacy acts as a voice for the consumers. An examination of the history of consumer advocates see in Australia also supports this view. According to the literature evaluating the term advocacy and the perusal of mission statements of different organizations that claim to be the advocates of consumers, this view is supported. Under the present circumstances, it is very significant that the consumer advocates should act as the voice of the consumers, considering the long-term interests of the consumers. Different consumer organizations need to play an effective role, although significant constraints of resources are present. As a result, generally these organizations have to adopt the strategy to work smarter and harder as compared to their opponents. References Beatson J and Virgo, G J (2002) Contract, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability, 118 Law Quarterly Review 352 Carlin, T.M., (2002) The Rise (And Fall?) of Implied Duties of Good Faith in Contractual Performance in Australia, UNSWLawJl 4 Grantham R and Rickett, C (2001) On the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment, 117 Law Quarterly Review 273 Kremer, B (2001) The Action for Money Had and Received, 17 Journal of Contract Law 93. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Contract: Cases and Materials, Lawbook Co, 11th ed. Case Law Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447, 461 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594