Deviants and Crime

The individual who digresses unmistakably from the standard is known as a degenerate. A degenerate may likewise be characterized as the individual whose mentalities and practices conflict with the set cultural standards or norms. Aberrance isn't age explicit yet it begins in the early times of human turn of events and on the off chance that it goes plain, it winds up arriving at a final turning point causing a grown-up whose character to can be depicted by single word; a freak. The demonstration of abnormality is found out either by relationship with different freaks or by attempting to offer reasons to legitimize the demonstrations of aberrance prompting propensity. Aberrance and wrongdoing is very much the same thing.This is on the grounds that, when one conflicts with the arrangement of standards for this situation the conventional guidelines called law, this is wrongdoing. Degenerates resist both the formal and casual (Social) measures and standards. For instance, a degenerate ma y conflict with the normal practices and submit a demonstration of nose picking in broad daylight or illegal and break into private premises with an expectation of taking. In light of this, abnormality is a subject of worry to both the communists and the criminologists. These two experts take part in a genuine investigation of how standards are framed, changes that the standards experience after some time and the authorization of norms.The human science of aberrance can be summed up in three primary hypotheses I. e. representative interactionism hypothesis, Structural functionalism hypothesis, and struggle hypothesis. These speculations attempt to clarify the reasons for aberrance. Taking is one case of abnormality that is a genuine wrongdoing in the US today. Individuals don't wake up one day and become criminals. Burglary is a propensity that is found out at adolescence and proceeds into adulthood. This paper tries to characterize and build up a sociological hypothesis that clarif ies aberrance from the emblematic interactionism hypothesis viewpoint (Rodney, 2007:pp 48)Symbolic Interactionism Theories All the speculations under this class are of the view that freak conduct is found out. Because of the learning, the freak practices inevitably become piece of an individual’s character or character. The hypotheses under this class incorporate Sutherland's differential affiliation hypothesis, Gresham Sykes and David Matza's balance hypothesis and Tannenbaum and Howard Becker’s marking hypothesis. Sutherland's differential affiliation hypothesis suggests that the lawbreaker and degenerate practices are not natural in people but rather they are just learnt.It enhances the normal conviction that all human are made acceptable. Each individual is innately acceptable however society makes them awful. The learning of criminal or degenerate practices is equivalent to the learning of different practices, for example, saying â€Å"thank you† when one o ffers a commendation or gives some help. The learning procedure comes because of collaboration between individuals or gatherings of individuals using emblematic correspondence. The representative correspondence may likewise incorporate thoughts and perspectives that are moved from one individual or gathering to another.If the images utilized in the correspondence are ideal and alluring than the opposite, at that point an individual or gathering grasps aberrance conveyed by the images, thoughts or mentalities and will in general be arranged to of freak practices more than some other conduct (Lanier, 2004 pp. 162-163). Accepting burglary for instance of a degenerate criminal conduct, we understand that if an individual partners with an individual or gathering who take or hold taking more ideal than ominous, and the affiliation is private, at that point intentions thoughts, perspectives , strategies and so on that are good for taking are learnt.Once this learning happens and incase the re is a need, at that point one will in general take and along these lines we state that this crook and freak demonstration of robbery has come about because of emblematic communication. The Neutralization hypothesis, much the same as the name proposes, decides to clarify the manners in which that the freaks in the end execute their blame still, small voice through justification. A portion of the justifications utilized incorporate the refusal of duty of the freak activity planned for causing the criminal to feel better.Denial of obligation is essentially a contention that the guilty party had no alternative and that some other individual put under similar conditions would have acted a similar way the wrongdoer did. Proceeded with disavowal of duty inevitably slaughters the blame still, small voice making the criminal cold and to have an inclination of carrying out the wrongdoing once more. For instance, on the off chance that a criminal takes and acknowledges obligation, at that po int there is some blame that accompanies the acknowledgment and this blame has a change part. Disappointment of tolerating duty precludes plausibility of change and along these lines high likelihood of perpetrating the wrongdoing again in future.Other resistance components or legitimizations utilized incorporate the forswearing of harm and disavowal of casualty. Refusal of harm or injury alludes to the thinking that the criminal demonstration didn't hurt anyone and therefore the guilty party isn't ethically off-base. This thinking depends on the rudimentary conviction that in the event that an activity doesn’t cause any damage to other people, at that point it is ethically right. Then again, disavowal of the casualty is a contention that the casualty merited the freak demonstration because of his/her apparent absence of ethics by the guilty party. Criticism of his denouncers is one more justification utilized by freaks or hoodlums to secure their actions.It is a contention th at the individuals who reprove their activities have the capability of submitting same or comparable acts or they additionally submit comparable acts and as such they are wolves in sheep's clothing. Reprimand of denouncers causes the wrongdoer to feel better about his activities and it also obstructs hence opening a chance of future criminal acts. At last, request to higher loyalties includes encouraging feedback of the criminal demonstration by what he convictions in. The criminal contends that a few qualities outperform the law or conventions and along these lines the criminal translates the qualities to be a higher priority than the law.For model, in the event that one takes since he is starving, he has done nothing since he has faith in sparing life. To him, life is a higher priority than the law. For the most part, under this hypothesis, crooks defend criminal acts by balance (Lanier, 2004 pp. 168-9). The marking hypothesis is a famous one which has been utilized in human scien ce as well as in brain research. The mental marking hypothesis, in a layman’s language expresses that in the event that you ceaselessly call a kid names, state a cheat, the youngster will wind up getting one. Honest Tannenbaum and Howard S.Becker proposed the naming hypothesis in the sociological setting. They said that the demonstration of society making rules whose infringement adds up to resistance causes aberrance in itself. On the off chance that society says that the individuals who take different people’s property without consent are hoodlums and cheats are bad individuals, this definition adds up to naming. The marking speaks to the negative disposition the general public holds against a degenerate, for example, a hoodlum and makes the guilty parties to disguise the name and attempt to showcase the name via completing activities that fit in with the label.For model naming of a criminal, makes the freak such named to disguise this name and does demonstrations of robbery in an offer to adjust to the name. This hypothesis lies at the limit of emblematic interactionism and struggle hypothesis. The contention hypothesis direction of this hypothesis suggests that the general public use capacity to make standards and name freaks. A genuine model is the jail framework which marks the convicts of robbery to a point that these burglary convicts likewise start to see themselves as hoodlums (Giddens, 2006 pp. 525-7).In an offer to fortify the strengthen Edwin Lemert proposed the possibility of essential and auxiliary deviation. He translated essential deviation to be the aberrance before the degenerate is marked all things considered. Optional abnormality then again is the demonstrations of aberrance that come after the essential abnormality as a response to the cultural establishments that have capacity to set standards and to name. Lemert clarifies further how one moves from essential to auxiliary deviation lastly to presumption of the job of the m ark he/she has been given.The change between these stages begins when a guilty party submits a degenerate represent the first run through provoking the general public to control some disciplinary punishments on him. In the event that the disciplinary punishments directed on the essential degenerate don't figure out how to stop the wrongdoing, the guilty party may act a similar wrongdoing or abnormality again in this manner provoking much harsher discipline from the general public. The unforgiving discipline makes the guilty party to disdain the general public or the organization in the general public that controls this brutal discipline. The hatred establishes tone for additional wrongdoings with the organization reining harsher and harsher discipline on the offender.As the quantity of violations builds the general public, aside from the discipline given to the guilty party, pampers shame too on the wrongdoer. This shame denotes the naming g stage. The shame sandwiches the wrongdoer in a tight spot where he has no choice than acknowledge the job endorsed by the name. In an offer to satisfy the job, the wrongdoer showcases the job endorsed in the mark and this comprises the optional abnormality. Auxiliary abnormality solidifies the crooks kindness of the naming demonstration by the societyPrimary and optional aberrance is seen in the American lawful framework when a first time guilty party gets lesser discipline when contrasted with a second or numerous time wrongdoer of a similar wrongdoing. For both the wrongdoers, state criminals, the discipline is intended to change them. The various time guilty parties get a harsher discipline in light of the fact that the general public feels that the first-run through discipline was not adequate enough causing the wrongdoer to perpetrate a subsequent wrongdoing. The second time wrongdoer is bound to carry out the wrongdoing the third time that the first run through guilty party is to perpetrate a second crime.The ramific ations of this essential and optional abnormality can be applied in the jail framework where the crooks should be seen as acceptable peopl

To Appreciate the Nature of Life We Must First Understand the Cell

Life itself is astonishing. It encompasses us every day from the ants in our window seal, the squirrels on the electrical cable, to the microscopic organisms we as a whole have in our mouths and on our bodies. Life is in fact a blessing. Each life that comes into this world is comprised of cells, life of people, plants, and creatures. I realize that to comprehend the idea of life we should initially appreciate the cell, its parts, and organelles. There are two distinct sorts of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Living microorganisms is a case of something that contains prokaryotic cells.Eukaryotic cells are in pretty much everything, all people and all creatures. I should state that the eukaryotic cell is far more mind boggling than the prokaryotic. A prokaryotic cell doesn't hold a core, which is the cerebrum of the eukaryotic cells. Human and creatures cells can't be created without prokaryotic cells. Despite the fact that these two distinct kinds of cells are totally di fferent they additionally are to some degree comparable. Both contain ribosomes, cell layers, and cytoplasm. Plant cells are eukaryotic cells however there are things that very separate them. Cell dividers, chlorophyll, and vacuoles are distinction between the two.By plant cells having these various organelles, they work in an extraordinary request. Every organelle in the cell do diverse assignment. Supporting all organelles in the cell is the cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton keeps up the shape and invigorates it. The core is a cell’s mind and working framework. The mitochondrion creates vitality through cell breath. Ribosomes produce protein, while the nucleolus is the thing that makes ribosomes. The vacuole is the biggest organelle and it stores food, squanders, and water. The cell divider which is in all cells with the exception of creatures, ensure the cell and permits components, for example, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to enter.Endoplasmic reticulum is the thing that helps materials through the cell. Lysosomes are what separate huge food particles into littler ones. Utilizing vitality from the sun to deliver glucose is the chloroplast (which must be found in plant and green growth). Cells make up life. We can't live or work without them. Every individual cell resembles gatherings of laborers that cooperate. Without the nucleolus which makes the ribosomes, we would not have any protein. What's more, without protein, we as people couldn't be sound. People need cells and all their numerous organelles. Without cells, there is no life.

7 Reasons Why You Dont Want to Miss Writing.ie

7 Reasons Why You Dont Want to Miss Writing.ie As a self-described complete online magazine, Writing.ie has a vast collection of writing resources for writers across genres and around the globe, although its seat of operations is in Dublin, Ireland. Additionally, it offers an events calendar that is absolutely free for authors wishing to announce a literary event or book launch. That, combined with a Resources Page updated often and weekly make the site a useful bookmark for any writer looking for tips, inspiration, marketing outlets, or even the chance to Tell your own story to like-minded authors who access the site daily.The site is established and run by Vanessa Fox OLoughlin, one of Irelands leading literary scouts and former consultant and presenter for WritersWebTV, bringing free, live, online workshops to writers worldwide.In case these details alone are not temptation enough to visit and bookmark the site, here are seven reasons why if youre a writer, you dont want to miss all that Writing.ie has to offer.Writing.ie is a website full of great blogs across several genres and topics related to the writing process and industry.#1. Kate Dempseys Poetic License blogAs one of many guest blogs published on the site, Kate Dempseys Poetic License blog has much to offer writers interested in the art of poetry. It primarily focuses on competitions and publishing opportunities open to poets across a scope of topics and highlights interesting calls for poems both in the U.K. and around the world. For example, this call for submissions for poems about scientists experience announces the opportunity for writers, who find themselves at that strange intersection of science and poetry, to submit their work to a paid anthology entitled Spectral Lines. Although the submission deadline has passed for this particular work, it highlights some of the fascinating opportunities for poets that the blog offers. If youre a poet, its incredibly helpful to know whos looking for your poems and where to send them. If youre a poet in the Dublin area, or the U.K., this is an opportunity you certainly dont want to miss.#2. Hazel Gaynors Carry On Writing blogAs an acclaimed New York Times, USA Today and internationally bestselling author of five novels, Hazel Gaynors debut post, A Beginning and an End, is a great taste of the kind of honest approach she takes in the blog. Heres a quote from it:Im starting to think publishing deals dont really exist, that theyre just myths, the stuff of legend; about as simple to track down as the Ark of the Covenant or the golden snitch.Being an aspiring writer is no easy thing, as any aspiring writer will tell you. Its a lonely, frustrating occupation, riddled with potential for disappointment and despair but â€" and heres the thing â€" with the benefit of hindsight, Ive come to the conclusion that the rejections and close-shaves have made me more determined than ever to succeed. Of course, Id be lying if I said I hadnt thrown the occasional strop on the way to reaching this co nclusion, or curled up on the sofa in a deep rejected-author malaise, unable to speak to anyone, let alone turn on the laptop or pick up a pen, but Im pleased to have reached this conclusion all the same.Hazel Gaynor#3. Louise Phillipss Crime Scene blogIf you write crime or thriller novels, Louise Phillipss Crime Scene blog is for you. Ranging from her lists of Delicious Reads of Irish Crime Fiction books to calls for submissions for Crime novelists, this blog offers information about new books in the genre that have launched, writing conferences and courses, and tips for writers looking to sharpen their crime writing skills. She also offers writing tips and advice for the genre, which can be a great help for anyone looking to break into the industry with their own crime novel.#4. Olivia Hope and Niamh Garveys Flourish Blogs about writing for childrenWritten and curated by Olivia Hope and Niamh Garvey, Down the Rabbit Hole by Flourish and Blogs offers fascinating explorations of th e genre for anyone interested in writing and publishing childrens books. As an example article, Uncomfortable Childrens Books is an examination of the question of what topics are safe for childrens literature. In it, Garvey writes:This is a generation where mental health problems are beginning younger and younger in children. Childhood anxiety, depression and low self-esteem are on the increase. There is a tendency to panic, to think we must protect our children and teenagers from any hardship, to helicopter around them dropping cotton wool at their feet and shaded glasses on their eyes in case they see something unpleasant. They mustnt read that book, where people starve to death, where people die violently, where families are ripped apart, because it will make them sad. And yet, those same children and teenagers are allowed online alone, where more real-life danger lies than the in woods down the road at night.Niamh GarveyIn addition to their thoughtful criticism, this writing due include within their blog childrens book events, new releases, lists of must-reads, and more. As a parent and a writer, I found this blog to be an intriguing and thoughtful read, even though I dont plan to publish in the childrens book genre.#5. Tara Sparlings The Lighter Side blog offers satire and humorIn this blog about book humor, selling trends, marketing and character stereotype follies, Tara Sparlings writing lifts the spirits of her readersâ€"often by stating the obvious on a not-so-obvious path to writing a bestseller. For example, in her post, Who Are You NOT Writing For This Year?, she takes a satirical approach to the all-important writers audience and offers a handy list of all the people you are definitely NOT writing for in 2019. Included on this list are: The cool kid in your class you asked out when you were 15, your ex-spouse, your current spouse, your next spouse, and book reviewers, among others.In another post, You Think 5-Star Reviews Are So Great? Think Again , she asks:Youre certain you want to award 5 stars to this? The highest accolade of them all? This is truly one of the best books youve ever read? Its better than the last 20 books you read and the 20 you read before that?No it isnt. Stop 5-starring like its the 1980s. Give it the solid and absolutely fine 3 it deserves.Tara Sparling#6. Derek Flynns SongBook blog about writing from a musicians perspectiveAs an Irish writer and musician, Derek Flynn has much to say about the connections and inspiration he draws from music, including an ongoing series like this one with interviews of various authors asking about how music has shaped and inspired their writing.Other articles approach literature and writing through music-related concepts, such as this piece titled Literary One Hit Wonders, which discusses famous authors known only by one book. He writes:Of course, when we mention literary one hit wonders, most people will think of Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird, possibly the most famous example (and well ignore the dubious release of Go Set A Watchman). But there are some otherâ€"probably equally as famousâ€"examples. There is, of course, JD Salinger, author of Catcher in the Rye, who subsequently wrote only a handful of short stories and novellasâ€"no more novelsâ€"and gave his last interview in 1980.But while Lee and Salinger chose not to write any more novels, there are others who died before getting the chance to write more, leaving us wondering what might have been.Derek FlynnFlynn also writes of local publishing opportunities or jobs available in the industry, as well as competitions and anthologies seeking submissions.#7. Resources for writersFinally, and as mentioned earlier, the websites section for Resources for writers is packed with valuable information and links to sources writers can use throughout the drafting, editing, publishing and marketing phases of their writing journey.The Resources tab of the site offers links to sources writers can us e throughout the entire process of writing, from first draft to marketing the published work.In the Resources submenu, there are links to the following directories or sources, with additional submenus within each:Services for writersEssential guidesGetting publishedBetter fiction guidesBetter nonfiction guidesWrite for stage and screenBetter poetry guidesDeveloping your craftNational Emerging Writers Program (NEWP)Final takeawayWhile many of the literary events, book signings, and course offerings showcased in writing.ie are for the Dublin, Ireland and Greater U.K. area, there are parts of the site and blogs that provide great sources for writers around the globe. The section I found most helpful as a writer is the Writing Competitions under the Magazine menu. It was chock full of calls for submission, competitions, anthology notices, and publishing opportunities for writers of all genres, and included important information such as deadlines, how to submit your manuscript, and links to the main website for each entity seeking writers or submissions. Ill be using it in the coming months to seek out publishing opportunities and I hope youll be equally as excited about the excellent opportunities that are available.

Alzheimers and Dementia Risk Factors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1498 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? A very thorough study by The Alzheimers Association states that, 5.7 million Americans are living with alzheimers in 2018. Seniors, 65 or older, are more likely to get the disease (Alzheimers Association). Dementia is not reversible and progressively destroys memory over the course of a few years.When most people think if dementia, they think of Alzheimers, but many people do not know that that is just one out of quite a few forms of dementia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alzheimers and Dementia Risk Factors" essay for you Create order Dementia is more common as people grow older. Before all of the research, developing dementia was mostly based on family history, genes and age. Now, research is beginning to reveal more information that we could use to prevent this disease (Alzheimers Association). Factors such as bad health, head injuries and smoking can put someone at a greater risk for developing Alzheimers or other forms of dementia in their later years of life. There is a link between head injuries and Alzheimers that puts you at more risk to develop Alzheimers or any other form of dementia. There are ways you can protect your brain like wearing a helmet when you participate in sports and wearing a seatbelt when riding in a car. All of these can decrease the chance of developing dementia such as Alzheimers disease. Once known as dementia pugilistica, head injuries that cause dementia are now known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which is caused by protein deposits formed in the brain from a head injury (Alzheimers Society). Head injuries can be preventable. On the website National Center for Biotechnology, an article written by Anna Nordstrom, from the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, states, a meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies determined that individuals who suffered severe brain injuries were approximately 50% more likely to develop Alzheimers. With that information, when are the chances worse? The same stu dy states, researchers found out that the risk of a dementia diagnosis is highest during your first year after the injury (National Center for Biotechnology). Even though your chances are greater after the first year, your overall chances of developing dementia never really goes away. During this time, people were four to six times more likely to get a dementia diagnosis after a traumatic brain injury than those without the injury. Even though the overall risk decreased over time, patients still faced higher risk even thirty years later (National Center of Biotechnology). According to Jesse Fann, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine, Our data showed that even if you have multiple head injuries in your early twenties, the risk of developing dementia in your fifties increases by 60% (UW Medicine2:20-32). My great grandfather and both of his brothers were boxers, they all went through bad head injuries during their career and all three developed dementia as they grew older. Many boxers, football players and wrestlers develop a form of dementia; which means that even if you have a traumatic brain injury when you are fairly young, it could still affect you later down the road. At the fifteen year follow up, researchers found the risk for a dementia diagnosis increased 80 percent in those who have had at least one traumatic brain injury compared to those who havent (National Center of Biotechnology). Your overall health also has an affect on your chances of developing Alzheimers later down the road. In an article from Alzheimers Society, authors state, there is very strong evidence that conditions that damage your heart, arteries or blood circulation such as Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol levels and obesity all significantly affect a persons chances of developing Alzheimers. These all can be avoidable so your health doesnt affect you when you grow much older. In the book Understanding Alzheimers the author Dr. Naheed Ali stated, Poor lifestyle habits that could lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, atherosclerosis, and diabetes are now risk factors for Alzheimers disease (25). These conditions can contribute to the damage and and death of brain cells by hardening the blood vessels and blocking oxygen flow to the brain. Which means that there are steps you can take to control high blood pressure and cholesterol levels. While keeping yo ur blood pressure under control is important, over treating it can be just as harmful as undertreating it says Dr. Levine from an article in Everyday Health. When blood pressure is low it becomes difficult for our bodies to supply the exact amount of blood we need to our brains. Having cardiovascular disease or Type 2 Diabetes, the risk of developing dementia increases by up to two times, which is most typically known as vascular dementia; this is caused by problems that have to do with blood supply to the brain (Alzheimers Society). Having poor mental health also puts you at risk for developing dementia. Depression is a big leading factor. Esther Heerema, who is a licensed social worker and has worked with hundreds of people with Alzheimers dementia and other types of dementias stated, In a study involving 1,764 participants who were tested and monitored for eight years to evaluate depression symptoms and dementia symptoms, the researchers found that there was a significant correlation between late-life depression and the risk of dementia (Very Well Health). Depression in late-life is unhealthy for your brain, as well as early life depression. Depression in early life can also affect your chances of developing this disease. After more studies, researchers concluded that individuals with either early or late life depression were both up to four times more likely to develop dementia than those without depression (Very Well Health). A lot of people do not realize the overall effect that your health can have on your brain. Depression and Type 2 Diabetes pose a significantly higher risk of developing dementia, and that when the participants had both type 2 diabetes and depression, the risk was even greater than expected (Very Well Health). There are ways that you can keep your mental health strong. Improving your mental health can include eating well and exercising. Gisele Wolf-Klein a professor of medicine at Hofstra Medical School and director of geriatric education for the North Shore LIJ Health System in New York states, Very much of what applies to prevention and good healthy habits in general, applies also to the prevention of dementia (Everyday Health). A very healthy habit to take up to improve your mental health includes exercising. You dont have to go crazy overboard with the exercising, exercising for just a little bit everyday can help. Studies show that just walking more than a couple blocks a day will reduce dementia risk says Dr. Wolf-Klein (Everyday Health). Exercise is helpful for your body to continue good blood flow to the brain. We already know that smoking causes serious health risks, but did you know it increases your chances of developing Alzheimers, too (Cognitive Vitality)? Smoking is very unhealthy for your brain. Cigarettes and cigarette smoke contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including some that are highly toxic such as vinyl chloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and heavy metals (Cognitive Vitality). None of these can be good for you nor healthy for your brain. The World health Organization now estimates that up to 14% of Alzheimers, most common form of dementia, cases are caused by smoking (Health and Wellness Alerts). There have been quite a few studies on smoking and how it is related to dementia. A 2015 analysis published in the online scientific journal PLOS ONE evaluated the results of 37 studies that compared current smokers with people who never smoked or who quit; the authors found that current smokers were 30 percent more likely to develop some for m of dementia than people who never smoked (Health and Wellness Alerts). Which means, that even if you quit smoking, your chances go down. Smoking leads to cognitive decline in many ways. Smoking harms DNA cells throughout the body, which promotes the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain; both are closely associated with Alzheimers disease (Cognitive Vitality). Alzheimers is not the only form of dementia you can develop from smoking. Tobacco smoke damages arteries, which interferes with flow to the brain (Cognitive Vitality). When you have poor blood supply to your brain you can develop vascular dementia. Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, so it makes sense that it would also make you vulnerable to Alzheimers disease and other dementias, John H. Growdon, MD who studies neurology, states (Sharecare). Cardiovascular disease is also linked to vascular dementia and Alzheimers. As earlier mentioned, there has been many studies on smoking and how it is related to Alzheimers and other forms of dementia. Anthony Cirillo who studies Geriatric Medicine says, A Kaiser Permanente study reported that an analysis of more than 20,000 men and women, studied since 1978, found a 157% heightened risk of Alzheimers for people who smoked two packs or more a day (Sharecare). Smoking two packs a day is a whole lot of smoking, but even less than that can still heighten the risk.

What Is Sociology - 1062 Words

What is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular. He meant that sociologists can identify general patterns of social life by looking at concrete specific examples of social life. While acknowledging that each individual is unique, in other words, sociologists recognize†¦show more content†¦And whereas male suicides in the industrial West outnumber female, in China women’s suicides outnumber men’s. In China the suicide rates is three times higher in the countryside, which is not the case in the West, where suicide is linked to city life. Patterns of suicide, then, are variable and are not constant around the world. Recent figures suggest that: -In the last half-century, suicide rates have increased by 60 % worldwide. -In 2000, approximately one million people died of suicide – 16 per 100,000 or one in every 40 seconds. -This puts it among the three leading causes of death among those aged 15-44.(both sexes) -Suicide attempts are up to 20 times more common than completed suicides. Sociology and social crisis. Periods of massive social change or social crisis stimulates sociological vision. Sociologists illustrated this principle by recalling the Great Depression of the 1930’s. As the unemployment rate in the US soared to 20%, people out of work could not help but see general social forces at work in their particular lives. Rather than personalizing their plight by claiming ‘Something is wrong with me. I can’t find a job’ they took more sociological approach, observing: ‘The economy has collapsed. There are no jobs to be found!’ Conversely, sociological thinking often fosters social change. The more we learn about the operation of the system, the more we like to change it in some way. Benefits of the sociological perspective 1. TheShow MoreRelatedWhat is Sociology?1169 Words   |  5 Pages . Introduction Sociology is described by Layder (2006, p.1) as being â€Å"How the encounters of everyday life and individual behaviour influence, and are influenced by, the wider social environment in which we live† Bauman May (2001. p.1) describe a visual image of the output of sociology, as being a â€Å"collection of books in a library†. The discussion within this collection broadly follows main concepts and perspectives, with many authors, but also of key peer tested Authors. 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Mary Queen Of Scots By William Shakespeare - 1805 Words

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Unconscionability And How It May Mean That A Cannot Be Enforced

Question: What Are The Characteristics Of An Unequal Bargain That Must Or Might Be Demonstrated To Indicate Unconscionability? Answer: Introducation: In the present assignment, an attempt has been made to explore the impact of unconscionability on the enforceability of contracts that has been created by the parties in their business transactions. Sometimes, unfair practices adopted by the businesses and as a result, a large number of consumers are disadvantaged. With the rising number of such consumers, the need was felt to provide relief to such consumers under statutory law, and also under the provisions of common law. Therefore, in this research, the provisions of statutory law and also the relevant provisions of common law have been explored, particularly the changes that were introduced after the decision given in Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983). This was a particularly relevant case in which the court decided that it can rely upon the unconscionable conduct of a party to the contract. Hence, this case can be described as the reason due to which the amendment of unconscionability was introduced in the law of contract in Australia. Similarly, it is worth mentioning that with the rise in the provisions of consumer protection legislation that have been implemented for the purpose of providing justice to the consumers and at the same time to enforce the 'unconscionable conduct' clause when contractual relationships are created between the parties. Generally, the law provides that the ownership of business transactions rests with the trader. As a result, it is the responsibility of the trader to ensure that a fair and reasonable transaction has been created between the parties (Beatson and Virgo, 2002). In its form as a doctrine of contract law, the purpose behind the introduction of unconscionable conduct was that equity and fair play should be upheld. For this purpose, the term unconscionable conduct can be described as the behavior due to which the court may provide relief to the other party. In Blomley v Ryan (1956), the court had relied upon this doctrine for providing relief to the other party. At the same time, the application of unconscionability in cases of contracts created between the parties was further strengthened when this doctrine was used by the court to give its judgment in Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983). Under these circumstances, it becomes important to briefly mention the facts of this case. There was an elderly migrant couple from Australia, Mr. and Mrs. Amadio who stood as the guarantors for the loan that was taken by their son, Vincenzo from the Commercial Bank. The manager of the bank was in regular contact with Vincenzo and having a good understanding of the business realities, the manager knew that most probability, Vincenzo had not told the facts to his parents and made a misrepresentation for the purpose of preparing them to become guarantors for the loan he was going to take from the bank. Under these circumstances, the company failed and the bank started efforts to enforce the guarantee, which was given by Vincenzo's parents by mortgaging their building. Under these circumstances, the court to decide if the elderly couple can be considered as being bound by the mortgage and if this contract can be enforced against them, keeping in view the circumstances in which the contract was signed by them. It is worth mentioning that Amadios have migrated from Italy and they were not very proficient in English language. Moreover, before signing the contract, no independent advice was available to them. All this took place even when the bank manager, Mr. Virgo was well aware of the business situation of their son. However, he did not try to advise the elderly couple that they should seek professional and independent advice before standing as guarantors for their son. When the Amadios had signed the contract, the bank was well aware of the fact that the financial condition of their son was not very stable. Similarly, the bank also knew that perhaps the elderly couple was not aware of the fact that the business of their son was not doing well. Another issue was that the Amadios was under the impression that under the contract, their liability will be limited to $50,000. Therefore the bank did not try to inform the Amadios that in fact, there liability was unlimited as the guarantors for the loan taken by their son. In view of all these facts, the court arrived at the conclusion that the bank knew regarding the special disability from which the Amadios were suffering. But still the bank did not take any steps so that the elderly couple can understand the nature of transaction. Consequently, the court stated in this case that the bank had taken an advantage of an opportunity in this case and this can be said to be unconscientious. The court pointed o ut that on this basis, the clause of unconscionability relies upon. In view of this decision, a new concept became a part of the contract law. Similarly, as a result of this decision, legislative changes were also made in the statutory law. The term unconscionability can be distinguished in two ways. The first instance is of procedural unconscionability. In this case, the weaker party has suffered a disadvantage during the negotiations. Therefore, the stronger party has taken advantage of the fact that either the consumer does not have sufficient knowledge/understanding regarding the contract or the consumer cannot make an independent decision (Carlin, 2002). Therefore, in this case, there is failure on the part of the consumer to inform him that avenues are available from where help can be taken for the purpose of clearly understanding all the terms of the contract. Hence, it can be concluded in this case that an advantage has been taken by the trader regarding the lack of understanding of the consumer (Grantham and Rickett, 2001). The second case i s of substantive unconscionability. This is related with the unfairness of the contractual terms or the outcome of the contract. Similarly, it can also reveal that a particular contract was made on the basis of undue influence or coercion. Under these circumstances, it is not possible for the consumer to make an independent decision as the consumer is facing undue influence. Generally in such cases, the courts do not try to find out if the parties have received a good bargain or a bad bargain under the contract. But the court considers if in such a case, a chance was available to the party to properly decide if the transaction was in the best interest or not. As a result of the reason that generally went unconscionability is involved, an imbalance of bargaining power is also present among the parties, it is easy for individuals and small companies to allege unconscionability against large companies (Kremer, 2001). Under these circumstances, it can be said that the purpose behind the introduction of the doctrine of unconscionability can be described as to make sure that the stronger party is the aware of the fact that the other party suffers from a disadvantage regarding the transaction. In view of the decision of the court in Amadio's case, it can be said that the stronger party has to establish in the court that the transaction was fair, just and reasonable so that the transaction may not be impugned by the court. After the decision given by the court in Amadio case, several developments took place in this field of law. These changes include the amendments that were made to the earlier Trade Practices Act, 1974 and also the changes introduced in the Corporations Act, 2001 and the ASIC Act. Similarly, various codes of conduct that were in force in different industries also underwent these changes. For instance, reforms were seen in the financial services sector in July 1990. Similarly, it was provided by these changes that the ASIC has been given the main responsibility to handle the issues related with consumer and small-business protection in case of the financial sector. The respective application of different types of provisions related with the unconscionable conduct to the contracts dealing with financial services need to be decided, keeping in view the particular exclusion clauses and the definitions that have been mentioned in the ASIC Act. Although the legislation clearly defines the financial services and products, the provisions dealing with unconscionable conduct under this law are similar to the provisions that existed under the Trade Practices Act, 1974. Consequently, there are equivalent compliance obligations for the businesses that are operating in the financial services sector (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). For the purpose of dealing with cases where unconscionability is involved, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission provide certain remedies to the consumers. According to the law, administrative or court action can be taken by the Commission against individuals or businesses if the Commission believes that they are involved in unconscionable conduct that has breached the law. In such cases, the action taken by the Commission will depend on its priorities and also the nature of conduct. Several different types of administrative action is available to the Commission. For example, the Commission may make a request that a particular individual or business should stop particular conduct or it should change a particular trade practice adopted by it (Kremer, 2001). Regarding the serious examples of such conduct, it is available to the Commission to accept an enforceable undertaking from such person or business and the commission can also make it public. The courts can enforce the se written undertakings, in case an application has been made by the Commission. Similarly, it is also available to the Commission to take court action if it is not possible to resolve a particular matter through administrative means. In such cases, the law has empowered the Commission to seek injunction or any other order from the court against such individual or business. It is also available to the Commission to make a decision on behalf of the consumers. The commission can also represent the consumers if they are going to suffer a loss in a particular transaction as a result of the unconscionability of the other party (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). In Victoria, the apex body for financial counselors is the Financial and Consumer Rights Council. Responsibility has been given to the Council to provide resources and support to financial counselors. Similarly, it also supports the consumers who need support. Due to the financial problems faced by them. The Council has the responsibility to provide support and information as well as advocacy to the consumers in Victoria. The Council works in tandem with the community sectors. The services provided by the Council are confidential in nature and at the same time, they are provided free of cost to the consumers. The major purpose of providing these services to the consumers is to advocate for the vulnerable consumers in Victoria. The Council also supports the financial counselors. It also supports through stakeholder relationships in order to create systemic change. Hence, the Council supports the financial counseling sector through advocacy, law reform and also by ensuring that best pr actices adopted and maintained. in this context, consumer advocacy acts as a voice for the consumers. An examination of the history of consumer advocates see in Australia also supports this view. According to the literature evaluating the term advocacy and the perusal of mission statements of different organizations that claim to be the advocates of consumers, this view is supported. Under the present circumstances, it is very significant that the consumer advocates should act as the voice of the consumers, considering the long-term interests of the consumers. Different consumer organizations need to play an effective role, although significant constraints of resources are present. As a result, generally these organizations have to adopt the strategy to work smarter and harder as compared to their opponents. References Beatson J and Virgo, G J (2002) Contract, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability, 118 Law Quarterly Review 352 Carlin, T.M., (2002) The Rise (And Fall?) of Implied Duties of Good Faith in Contractual Performance in Australia, UNSWLawJl 4 Grantham R and Rickett, C (2001) On the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment, 117 Law Quarterly Review 273 Kremer, B (2001) The Action for Money Had and Received, 17 Journal of Contract Law 93. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Contract: Cases and Materials, Lawbook Co, 11th ed. Case Law Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447, 461 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594